Viral Linux Interview Questions and Answers | Tech Arkit

* What is SSH-tunnel ?

* How to set history size ?

* How to extend VG ?

* What are logical & extended partitions ?

* Explain the steps to reset root password at boot time ?* What are run-levels ? How many types of run levels are there ?

* How we change the run level ?

* How to check the logs ?

* Difference between Journalctl & tail command ?

* What does the subscription -manager do ?

* How to archive a file ?

* What is umask ?

* How to kill a process ?

* How to assign IP address manually ?

* How to assign static IP address to a system ?

* Explain the different type s of Linux process states ?

* What is a Zombie process ?

* What is KVM ?

* What is hypervisor ?

* Difference between MBR & GPT ?

* How you can mount a file system permanently ?

* What is cron ? How to setup a cron job ?

* What is Kickstart ?

* How to create a network bridge in Linux ?

* Difference between iptables & firewalld

* What is SElinux ?

* What is ISCSI & targetcli ?

* Difference between NFS & SAMBA ?

* What is nfsnobody ?

* What is SSHFS ?

* What is Kerberos ?

* How to secure NFS with Kerberos ?

* What is the difference between telnet & SSH ?

* What is DHCP ?

* What is Kickstart file ?

* What is NTP Server ? How to configure NTP ?

Viral - Linux Interview Questions and Answers | Tech Arkit

* Command to check Disk usage ?

* Difference between ps -aux & top command ?

* What are the ways to check CPU usage ?

* How to check CPU details ?

* Explain the steps to create a partition & how to format with file system ?

* Explain the steps to create LV ?

* Explain steps to reduce XFS & EXT files systems ?

* Significance of .bashrc file ?

* How you check the kernel version ?

* How you check the Red hat release version ?

* Significance of resolv.conf file ?

* What is DNS ? How you resolve DNS ? Types of DNS records ?

* Difference between Nginx & HTTP Server ?

* Port no of HTTP, FTP, SSH, HTTPS ?

* What is SSH ? How you generate SSH-keys ?

* What is Private & public key ? How they authenticate ?

* What is the default configuration file of SSH ?

* What is the default configuration file of HTTP ?

* What is Virtual Hosting ? How you configure virtual hosting ?

* Explain ifconfig command ?

* Difference between IPv4 & IPv6 ?

* What is MAC address ? can we change the physical address ?

* How to check system uptime ?

* How to check memory information ?

* What is SWAP ?

* What is the exact memory free in your system ?

* What is cache memory ?

* What if you can do rm -rvf / ?

* Kinds of permission in Linux ?

* What is vim & vi ? 

* What is pipe | ?

* What is grep command ?

* What Find command does ?

* How to redirect commands output ?

* What is systemd in Linux ?

* What does systemctl do ?

* If you run a command like nautilus in terminal, whether it will block your terminal or

not ?

* What is rsyslog ?

The Magic of "screen command in Linux" | Tech Arkit

Application security services from AWS | Tech Arkit

AWS Web Application Firewall (WAF): AWS Web Application Firewall (WAF) is a security solution that protects web applications from typical web exploits and assaults such as SQL injection and cross-site scripting (XSS). It can be used to secure AWS-hosted websites and APIs, as well as on-premises applications. A corporation, for example, can employ WAF to safeguard its online store from attacks that could jeopardize consumer data.

AWS Shield: AWS Shield is a managed DDoS protection service that protects web applications hosted on AWS from large-scale attacks. It provides real-time monitoring and automatic mitigation of DDoS attacks. A company, for example, can use AWS Shield to protect their online banking platform from DDoS attacks, which could cause service disruption and financial loss.

AWS Certificate Manager (ACM): AWS Certificate Manager (ACM) is a service that provides SSL and TLS certificates to be used with Amazon Web Services (AWS) and your own applications. It makes provisioning, managing, and deploying SSL/TLS certificates simple, ensuring that data in transit is encrypted and secure. A company, for example, can use ACM to secure its online payment gateway and protect sensitive customer data during transmission.

AWS Secrets Manager: Secrets Manager is a service that allows you to easily rotate, manage, and retrieve database credentials, API keys, and other private information throughout their entire lifespan to help protect access to your applications, services, and IT resources. A company, for example, can use Secrets Manager to manage database access and ensure that only authorized users have access to sensitive data.

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The AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner (CLF-C01) Complete Course Playlist

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The Importance of Infrastructure Decoupling

Mastering IAM: The Key to AWS Service Management | Tech Arkit

IAM (Identity and Access Management) is a critical AWS feature that allows you to securely manage access to your resources. The following are the key subjects you need to master about AWS IAM:

• Users: IAM enables you to create and manage users, which are objects that stand in for specific individuals or programs that need access to your AWS resources. You will discover how to add, edit, and remove users as well as how to give them permissions.
• Groups: You can combine numerous users into IAM groups to make managing their rights easier. You will discover how to build, manage, and grant permissions to groups.
• IAM roles let you grant permissions to unregistered entities. such as users from another account or an AWS service, are not part of your AWS account. You will discover how to add, edit, and remove roles.
• IAM policies specify what rights users, groups, and roles have in relation to your AWS resources. Additionally, you will discover how to leverage policy variables to make your policies more adaptable. You will also learn how to build, maintain, and apply policies.
• Multifactor Authentication (MFA): You can ask users to submit a second factor of authentication, such as a code produced by a mobile app, in addition to their password, to strengthen the security of your AWS services. You will discover how to manage and activate MFA for IAM users.
• Access Keys: To authenticate programmatic access to your IAM account, and resources on AWS. You will discover how to use IAM roles for EC2 instances and generate, maintain, and rotate access keys to safely access AWS resources.
• Best Practices: Lastly, you will learn about IAM best practices, including how to establish a strong password policy, enable logging, and use IAM roles whenever possible in place of access keys.

AWS Security Services and Shared Responsibility Model | Tech Arkit

Ensuring Robust Security: The AWS Security Pillar Explained

The AWS Well-Architected Framework Security Pillar is one of the five pillars that make up the AWS Well-Architected Framework, which is a set of best practices for designing and operating reliable, secure, efficient, and cost-effective systems in the cloud. The Security Pillar focuses on ensuring that systems and services are designed and operated in a secure and compliant manner, protecting data confidentiality, integrity, and availability, and minimizing the risk of security breaches.

To achieve security in the cloud, organizations need to establish a strong security posture by implementing security controls, monitoring and auditing systems, and continuously improving security processes and procedures. The key components of the Security Pillar are:

Identity and Access Management: Organizations should establish effective identity and access management controls, including authentication, authorization, and access control policies.

Detection: Organizations should implement effective detection mechanisms, including monitoring, logging, and auditing of systems and services, to detect security incidents and respond to them quickly.

Infrastructure Protection: Organizations should protect their infrastructure, including networks, compute resources, and data storage, from unauthorized access, by implementing security controls such as firewalls, encryption, and intrusion detection systems.

Data Protection: Organizations should implement effective data protection controls, including encryption, backup, and recovery mechanisms, to ensure data confidentiality, integrity, and availability.

Incident Response: Organizations should establish effective incident response procedures, including incident detection, containment, eradication, and recovery, to minimize the impact of security incidents.

Some examples of real-time use cases where the Security Pillar can be applied include:

A healthcare provider wants to ensure the security and privacy of patient data. By implementing strong identity and access management controls, encrypting patient data in transit and at rest, monitoring and auditing systems to detect security incidents, and establishing effective incident response procedures, the provider can achieve a strong security posture and compliance with HIPAA regulations.

An e-commerce company wants to ensure the security and availability of its web application. By implementing effective infrastructure protection controls, such as firewalls and intrusion detection systems, encrypting sensitive data, implementing backup and recovery mechanisms, and establishing effective incident response procedures, the company can ensure the security and availability of its application and protect customer data.

A financial services company wants to ensure the security and compliance of its systems and services. By implementing effective data protection controls, such as encryption and backup and recovery mechanisms, monitoring and auditing systems to detect security incidents, and establishing effective incident response procedures, the company can achieve compliance with industry regulations and protect sensitive financial data.

Building Highly Reliable Systems with the AWS Reliability Pillar

The AWS Well-Architected Framework Reliability Pillar is one of the five pillars that make up the AWS Well-Architected Framework, which is a set of best practices for designing and operating reliable, secure, efficient, and cost-effective systems in the cloud. The Reliability Pillar focuses on ensuring that systems and services are designed and operated in a way that maximizes their availability, minimizes downtime, and maintains consistent performance.

Building Highly Reliable Systems with the AWS Reliability Pillar

To achieve reliability in the cloud, organizations need to design their systems and services for resiliency, including implementing redundancy and fault tolerance, monitoring and remediation, and testing and validation. The key components of the Reliability Pillar are:

Foundations: Organizations should establish strong foundations for reliability, including identifying their critical workloads and establishing appropriate service level agreements (SLAs) and availability targets.

Failure Management: Organizations should implement effective failure management mechanisms, including fault tolerance, redundancy, and automated remediation, to minimize the impact of system failures.

Change Management: Organizations should establish effective change management processes, including testing and validation procedures, to minimize the risk of service disruption from changes to the system.

Performance Efficiency: Organizations should optimize their systems and services for performance efficiency, including implementing scalable and elastic architectures that can adjust to changing demand.

Monitoring: Organizations should implement effective monitoring mechanisms, including metrics and logs, to detect and respond to issues quickly, and continuously analyze data to identify areas for improvement.

Some examples of real-time use cases where the Reliability Pillar can be applied include:

An online retailer wants to ensure the reliability of its e-commerce platform during peak shopping periods. By implementing a scalable and elastic architecture, establishing appropriate SLAs and availability targets, implementing redundancy and fault tolerance mechanisms, and continuously monitoring and analyzing performance data, the retailer can ensure that its platform remains available and performant during peak demand periods.

A financial services company wants to ensure the reliability of its trading platform. By implementing effective failure management mechanisms, such as fault tolerance and automated remediation, establishing effective change management processes, and continuously monitoring and analyzing performance data, the company can ensure that its platform remains available and performant even in the face of system failures.

A healthcare provider wants to ensure the reliability of its patient management system. By implementing effective monitoring mechanisms, such as metrics and logs, establishing appropriate SLAs and availability targets, and implementing redundancy and fault tolerance mechanisms, the provider can ensure that its patient management system remains available and performant even in the face of unexpected events or system failures.

The Essential Guide to Fourth Pillar Performance Excellence

The AWS Well-Architected Framework Performance Pillar is one of the five pillars that make up the AWS Well-Architected Framework, which is a set of best practices for designing and operating reliable, secure, efficient, and cost-effective systems in the cloud. The Performance Pillar focuses on ensuring that systems and services are designed and operated in a way that delivers high performance, responsiveness, and scalability.

To achieve performance in the cloud, organizations need to optimize their systems and services for efficiency, including managing resource utilization, minimizing latency, and optimizing data storage and retrieval. The key components of the Performance Pillar are:

Compute: Organizations should optimize their compute resources for performance, including selecting appropriate instance types, implementing auto-scaling, and optimizing application performance.

Storage: Organizations should optimize their storage resources for performance, including selecting appropriate storage types, optimizing data retrieval, and implementing caching mechanisms.

Database: Organizations should optimize their database performance, including selecting appropriate database types, implementing appropriate indexing, and optimizing query performance.

Networking: Organizations should optimize their network performance, including selecting appropriate network architectures, minimizing latency, and optimizing data transfer.

Monitoring: Organizations should implement effective monitoring mechanisms, including performance metrics and logs, to detect and respond to performance issues quickly, and continuously analyze data to identify areas for improvement.

Some examples of real-time use cases where the Performance Pillar can be applied include:

A media streaming company wants to ensure the performance of its streaming service. By optimizing compute resources for performance, selecting appropriate storage types and implementing caching mechanisms, optimizing database performance, and implementing effective monitoring mechanisms, the company can ensure that its streaming service delivers high-quality video and audio content with minimal buffering.

A social media platform wants to ensure the performance of its application. By optimizing compute resources for performance, minimizing latency through appropriate network architectures, optimizing database performance, and implementing effective monitoring mechanisms, the platform can ensure that its application responds quickly and efficiently to user requests.

An e-commerce company wants to ensure the performance of its online store. By optimizing compute resources for performance, selecting appropriate storage types and implementing caching mechanisms, optimizing database performance, and implementing effective monitoring mechanisms, the company can ensure that its online store delivers high-quality product images and descriptions, responds quickly to user requests, and processes transactions efficiently.

Operational Excellence, The Key to Business Success - Tech Arkit

The AWS Well-Architected Framework Operational Excellence Pillar is one of the five pillars that make up the AWS Well-Architected Framework, which is a set of best practices for designing and operating reliable, secure, efficient, and cost-effective systems in the cloud. The Operational Excellence Pillar focuses on improving an organization's ability to run and manage systems and services, including the ability to operate and support them, monitor and remediate issues, and continuously improve processes and procedures.

To achieve operational excellence, organizations need to establish strong operational practices, automate operational processes, and continuously improve their operational procedures. The key components of the Operational Excellence Pillar are:

Preparation: Organizations should prepare for operational excellence by defining their goals, establishing a clear understanding of their systems and services, and identifying key metrics for monitoring and improving performance.

Operations: Organizations should design their systems and services for operational excellence, including implementing automation, monitoring, and alerting, and establishing robust incident management and remediation processes.

Change Management: Organizations should establish effective change management processes, including change tracking and control, testing and validation, and roll-back procedures.

Responding to Events: Organizations should have a proactive approach to responding to events, including the use of automation and real-time data analysis to detect and mitigate issues before they become problems.

Learning: Organizations should continuously learn from their operational experiences, including analyzing metrics and logs to identify trends and areas for improvement, and using automation to improve operational efficiency.

Some examples of real-time use cases where the Operational Excellence Pillar can be applied include:

A financial services company wants to improve the reliability of its trading platform. By implementing automation for monitoring and alerting, establishing clear incident management processes, and continuously analyzing metrics to identify areas for improvement, the company can achieve greater operational excellence and reduce the risk of downtime.

A healthcare provider wants to improve the efficiency of its patient management system. By implementing automation for provisioning and scaling resources, establishing effective change management processes, and continuously analyzing metrics to identify inefficiencies, the provider can improve operational excellence and reduce costs.

An e-commerce company wants to improve the security of its customer data. By implementing automation for security monitoring and threat detection, establishing clear incident management processes, and continuously analyzing security metrics to identify vulnerabilities, the company can achieve greater operational excellence and reduce the risk of data breaches.

AWS Well-Architected Framework Six Pillars Explained | Tech Arkit

1. The Operational Excellence Pillar focuses on improving an organization's ability to run and manage systems and services, including the ability to operate and support them, monitor and remediate issues, and continuously improve processes and procedures.

2. The Security Pillar focuses on ensuring that systems and services are designed and operated in a secure and compliant manner, protecting data confidentiality, integrity, and availability, and minimizing the risk of security breaches.

3. The Reliability Pillar focuses on ensuring that systems and services are designed and operated in a way that maximizes their availability, minimizes downtime, and maintains consistent performance.

4.  The Performance Pillar focuses on ensuring that systems and services are designed and operated in a way that delivers high performance, responsiveness, and scalability.

5. The Cost Optimization Pillar focuses on ensuring that systems and services are designed and operated in a way that maximizes cost-effectiveness, by optimizing resource utilization, minimizing waste, and identifying cost-saving opportunities.

6. The Sustainability Pillar focuses on ensuring that systems and services are designed and operated in a way that minimizes environmental impact and maximizes sustainability, by reducing carbon emissions, minimizing waste, and promoting sustainable practices.

AWS Monitoring, Auditing, and logging Services | Tech Arkit

AWS provides a wide range of services to help monitor, audit, and log your AWS resources, including the following:

AWS CloudTrail: This service provides detailed event logging of API calls made to your AWS account, including the identity of the caller, the time of the call, and the API action that was performed. CloudTrail enables you to monitor your AWS account activity and helps you with compliance, auditing, and governance requirements.

Advantages:

Provides a detailed record of all API calls made to your AWS account, which can be useful for troubleshooting, auditing, and compliance purposes.

Enables you to track changes made to your AWS resources, such as changes to security groups, S3 buckets, and EC2 instances.

Can integrate with other AWS services, such as CloudWatch and SNS, to enable real-time monitoring and alerting.

Disadvantages:

CloudTrail logs can quickly become very large and difficult to manage, particularly if you have a large number of API calls being made to your AWS account.

Depending on your specific use case, you may need to enable CloudTrail in multiple regions, which can increase the complexity of managing and analyzing your logs.

Amazon CloudWatch: This service provides monitoring and management of AWS resources and applications in real-time. It provides data and actionable insights to optimize performance, improve availability, and ensure security.

Advantages:

Provides real-time monitoring of your AWS resources and applications, allowing you to quickly identify and resolve issues before they impact your users.

Enables you to set alarms and thresholds to monitor key performance metrics, such as CPU utilization and network traffic.

Provides customizable dashboards and visualizations to help you understand and analyze your AWS resources and applications.

Disadvantages:

Can be difficult to set up and configure, particularly if you have a large number of AWS resources to monitor.

The cost of CloudWatch can quickly add up if you are monitoring a large number of resources or generating a lot of logs.

AWS Config: This service provides a detailed inventory of your AWS resources and their current configurations, as well as a history of changes to those resources over time. AWS Config enables you to audit your AWS resources for compliance and security purposes.

Advantages:

Provides a detailed inventory of your AWS resources and their configurations, enabling you to easily track changes and monitor compliance.

Enables you to define rules and policies to automatically evaluate the compliance of your AWS resources, and generate reports and alerts if any non-compliant resources are detected.

Integrates with other AWS services, such as CloudTrail and CloudWatch, to provide a comprehensive view of your AWS environment.

Disadvantages:

AWS Config can be complex to set up and configure, particularly if you have a large number of AWS resources to monitor.

The cost of AWS Config can quickly add up if you are monitoring a large number of resources or generating a lot of logs.

Amazon S3 Server Access Logging: This service provides detailed access logs of all requests made to your Amazon S3 buckets, including the requester's IP address, the time of the request, and the action that was performed. S3 Server Access Logging can be used for auditing, compliance, and security purposes.

Advantages:

Provides detailed access logs of all requests made to your Amazon S3 buckets, enabling you to monitor and audit access to your data.

Enables you to define rules and policies to automatically evaluate the compliance of your S3 buckets, and generate reports and alerts if any non-compliant access is detected.

Integrates with other AWS services, such as CloudTrail and CloudWatch, to provide a comprehensive view of your AWS environment.

Disadvantages:

The logs generated by S3

AWS SNS and SES Services Can Streamline Your Communications Strategy

AWS SNS (Simple Notification Service) and SES (Simple Email Service) are two AWS services that provide different messaging capabilities.

AWS SNS is a fully managed messaging service that enables you to send messages or notifications to a large number of recipients, such as mobile devices, email, and distributed systems. SNS supports a variety of messaging protocols, including HTTP, HTTPS, email, SMS, and mobile push notifications. It is a powerful tool for building real-time messaging and mobile applications that need to deliver messages to multiple subscribers or endpoints.

AWS SES, on the other hand, is a cloud-based email-sending service that allows you to send and receive email using your own email addresses and domains. SES provides a reliable, scalable, and cost-effective way to send and receive email without requiring any additional infrastructure. With SES, you can send transactional emails, marketing messages, and other types of content to your customers or subscribers.

In summary, SNS is focused on sending notifications to a variety of endpoints, while SES is focused on sending and receiving email messages.

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